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5 - Des vêtements, des objets, de l'architecture et du
mode de vie au XIIe siècle, d'après les
peintures de Herrade. |
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Dans
la construction de la tour de Babel, |
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Nulle part, dans les églises, les halles et les autres
édifices représentés, on n’observe les arcs brisés gothiques, avec leurs
lignes d’arc qui se coupent sous un angle aigu ; partout, au contraire, les
voûtes forment des demi-cercles parfaits. Les chapiteaux de colonnes ou de
piliers sont chacun ornés de motifs différents, comme on en rencontre sur les
édifices les plus anciens du Moyen Âge. — Les églises ont, au-dessus de leur
premier toit, encore une construction maçonnée, avec une rangée d’étroites
ouvertures de fenêtres. À côté du bâtiment antérieur avec son portail
s’élèvent deux tours étroites, rondes et assez hautes, semblables à des
minarets. Les châteaux et les maisons présentent des formes très diverses. Dans la construction de la tour de Babel, on remarque les différents outils des maçons et des
tailleurs de pierre, ainsi qu’une fosse à mortier, etc. |
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les marches de l’échelle |
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Des parapets de pierre, formés de deux cylindres qui se
croisent de manière à produire une sorte de rose, entourent les puits ; l’un
d’eux possède une roue et des cordes de puisage, un autre n’a que
l’encadrement. |
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Encore
quelques mots sur certaines coutumes ecclésiastiques de l’époque. |
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Partout, le baptême est pratiqué
de telle manière que le baptisé se tient avec tout son corps dans une grande
cuve de bois ou dans une grande cuve
baptismale ronde. |
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Au sujet des coutumes extravagantes qui s’étaient
introduites dans certaines églises à la fête des Rois et lors d’autres fêtes,
Herrade donne le passage très intéressant suivant, qui mérite d’autant plus
d’être mis en évidence qu’on y reconnaît toute la justesse et la clairvoyance
du regard de la vénérable abbesse : « Il est certes possible, dit-elle, que
les anciens Pères de l’Église, afin de fortifier les fidèles dans leur foi et
d’attirer les incroyants par la manière de célébrer le culte, aient organisé,
pour la fête des Rois ou son octave, ces sortes de représentations
religieuses : l’étoile conduisant les Mages vers l’enfant Jésus, la cruauté
d’Hérode, l’envoi de ses soldats, les relevailles de la Sainte Vierge,
l’avertissement de l’ange aux Mages de ne pas retourner auprès d’Hérode, et
autres événements de la naissance du Christ. |
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Mais que se passe-t-il aujourd’hui dans certaines églises
? Ce n’est pas une forme traditionnelle de religion (non
religiosa formula), ni un acte de vénération, mais l’irréligion et la débauche
qui sont accomplies avec une dévergondage juvénile. Les ecclésiastiques,
ayant échangé leurs vêtements, avancent comme une troupe de soldats. Il n’est
plus possible de voir de différence entre les prêtres et les hommes de
guerre. Dans une assemblée désordonnée d’ecclésiastiques et de laïcs, la
maison de Dieu est profanée par les excès de nourriture et de boisson, les
plaisanteries, les plaisanteries déplacées, les jeux publics, le fracas des
armes, la présence de femmes effrontées, la vanité du monde et le désordre de
toute espèce. Jamais l’assemblée ne se sépare sans querelle, même si elle
avait commencé dans la plus grande paix… Comme ils seraient dignes d’éloges,
les princes spirituels de l’Église (principes
ecclesiae spirituales), qui, au lieu de
telles coutumes, rappelleraient les lectures évangéliques des premiers temps…
Et de quoi n’avons-nous pas nous-mêmes été témoins lors de la communion, dans
une assemblée de chanoines, où, devant une foule de laïcs honorables, après
l’achèvement des cérémonies religieuses et le lavement des pieds prescrit par
le Seigneur, on fait circuler un pain d’une taille extraordinaire (mirae magnitudinis panis),
et après que chacun en a pris un morceau, on le mange et on boit en présence
de l’autel… Par là, ils prétendent conserver pour la postérité le souvenir de
la Sainte Cène, sans qu’il soit question en même temps de satisfaire les
besoins corporels. |
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folio 27V Christen-Tisserant |
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Cette
image n'était pas incluse dans l'ouvrage d'Engelhardt |
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| le
baptême est pratiqué de telle manière que le baptisé se tient avec tout son
corps dans une grande cuve de bois |
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Ainsi les multiples représentations de Herrade nous
transportent-elles dans la vie intérieure et domestique d’un siècle où, dans
son extraordinaire bouillonnement, se trouvaient surtout les germes d’une
nouvelle organisation du monde ; où les puissants du Moyen Âge, à l’Ouest Frédéric Barberousse, Philippe Auguste, Richard Cœur de
Lion, à l’Est Saladin, foulaient puissamment la terre ; où, par la longue et
violente confrontation de l’Occident avec l’Orient, de nouvelles conceptions
et de nouvelles notions se déversèrent dans cet étrange mélange qui était né
de l’Antiquité grecque et romaine, alliée au caractère propre des peuples du
Nord. — Et nous tromperions-nous si nous croyions reconnaître, jusque dans
les vêtements, les objets et les mœurs, l’empreinte de ce mélange
particulier, en voyant l’art des Anciens, leur chlamys, avec les chaussures du
Nord, et avec la coiffure orientale en forme de turban et ses larges manches
(ces deux derniers éléments appartenant au costume féminin), réunis de
manière frappante ; et cela tout autant dans l’architecture. Par exemple, les
minarets ressemblent aux petites tours de l’église en forme de croix. — Mais,
comme des spectateurs impartiaux, laissons à présent passer devant nous
l’époque de la vénérable abbesse dans sa vie quotidienne ; nous racontons ce
que nous avons vu ; dans quelle mesure l’historien pourra y découvrir la
confirmation ou la concordance de ses conclusions tirées d’événements plus
considérables, c’est à lui qu’il appartient d’en juger. — |
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(On ajoutera ici la remarque générale que, selon toute
recherche et toute comparaison, Herrade, comme cela était alors habituel, a
commis un anachronisme en donnant à ses personnages le costume de son époque
; seuls le Christ, les patriarches et les apôtres apparaissent dans un
costume en grande partie plus antique.) |
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folio 98V Christen-Tisserant |
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Cette
image n'était pas incluse dans l'ouvrage d'Engelhardt |
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